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Mappila Riots or Mappila Outbreaks refers to a series of riots by the Mappila (Moplah) Muslims of Malabar, South India in the 19th century and the early 20th century (c.1836–1921) against native Hindus and the state. The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 is often considered as the culmination of Mappila riots.〔(Pg 461, Roland Miller, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol VI , Brill 1988 )〕 Mappilas committed several atrocities against the Hindus during the outbreak.〔Pg 179–183, Kerala district gazetteers: Volume 4 Kerala (India), A. Sreedhara Menon, Superintendent of Govt. Presses http://books.google.com/books?id=ZF0bAAAAIAAJ〕〔Page 622 , Peasant struggles in India, AR Desai, Oxford University Press – 1979〕 Annie Besant reported that Muslim Mappilas forcibly converted many Hindus and killed or drove away all Hindus who would not apostatise, totalling to one lakh (100,000) ==Background== During the Mysorean interlude (1788–1792), the Malabar government reached settlements with the ''kanakkars'' in the absence of the ''Jenmi'' who had fled persecution to take refuge in the southern state of Travancore. A new system of land revenue was then introduced for the first time in the history of the region and the government share was fixed on the basis of the actual produce from the land.〔Pg 53, Kerala Development Report, Government of India Planning Commission, Academic Foundation, 2008〕 Historically, the agricultural system in the Malabar was based on a system of hierarchy of privileges, rights and obligations for all the principal social groups in the society. William Logan, the British administrator sometimes referred to as the "Father of Tenancy Legislation" in the Malabar,〔Pg 80 Modern Kerala: studies in social and agrarian relations,K. K. N. Kurup ,Mittal Publications, 1988〕 describes this as a system of 'corporate unity’ or joint proprietorship of each of the principal land right holders:〔Pg 17–20, Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836–1982 By P Radhakrishnan — COOPERJAL〕〔Pg 1- 24, Tenancy legislation in Malabar, 1880–1970: an historical analysis , V. V. Kunhi Krishnan (Ph.D Thesis under Dr. K. K. N. Kurup, Calicut University ), Northern Book Centre, 1993〕 * the ''Jenmi'', mainly consisting of the Nayars and Nambuthiri Brahmins were the highest level of the hierarchy. This class of people were given land grants by the ''Naduvazhis'' or the rulers, which was followed in a hereditary nature. The right conveyed by ''janmam'' was not a free-hold in the European sense, but an office of dignity. He would instead provide a grant of ''kanam'' to the ''kanakkaran'' for a fixed share of the produce of the soil. Typically a jenmi would have a large number of ''Kanakkaran'' under him. * the ''Kanakkaran'', mostly belonging the Nayar community. The security and supervision of the land and the distribution of the respective shares was done by the ''kanakkaran''. Like the janmi, the ''Kanakkaran'' was also a part-proprietor of the soil to the extent of one-third of the net produce. Each ''Kanakkaran'' typically had a number of ''Verumpattakkaran'' under him. * the ''Verumpattakkaran'', generally the Thiyyas and Mappilas were the actual cultivators but were also a part-proprietor. These classes were given a ''Verum Pattam''(Simple Lease) of the land that was typically valid for one year. As per the customary rights, they too were entitled to one-third or an equal share of the net produce. The net produce of the land was the share left over after providing for the ''Cherujanmakkar'' or all the other birthright holders such as the village carpenter, the goldsmith and the agricultural labourers who helped to gather, prepare and store the produce. The system ensured that no ''Jenmi'' could evict the tenants under him except for reasons of non-payment of rent. This land tenure system was generally referred to as the ''janmi-kana-maryada'' (customary practices).〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mappila riots」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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